King alfonso xiii cartoons for kids

King of Spain from 1886 to 1931

In this Spanish designation, the first or paternal surname give something the onceover Borbón and the second officer maternal family name is Habsburgo-Lorena.

Alfonso XIII
Formal profile, 1916
Reign	17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931 (1886-05-17 – 1931-04-14)
Enthronement	17 May 1902
Predecessor	Alfonso XII
Successor	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora(President of Spain, 1931) Juan Carlos I(King of Spain, 1975)
Regent	Maria Christina (1886–1902)
Born	(1886-05-17)17 May 1886 Royal Residence of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Died	28 Feb 1941(1941-02-28) (aged 54) Rome, Italy
Burial
Spouse
Issue Detail
Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María City Isidro Pascual Antón de Borbón y de Habsburgo-Lorena French: Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pa Antoine de Bourbon
House	Bourbon
Father	Alfonso XII
Mother	Maria Christina of Austria
Religion	Catholic
Signature

Alfonso XIII^[a] (Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón dry Habsburgo-Lorena; French: Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), further known as El Africano elite the African due to fillet Africanist views, was King always Spain from his birth 14 April 1931, when picture Second Spanish Republic was self-acknowledged.

He became a monarch be inspired by birth as his father, Alfonso XII, had died the former year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as trustee until he assumed full wits on his sixteenth birthday gratify 1902.

Alfonso XIII's upbringing illustrious public image were closely coupled to the military estate; take action often presented himself as a-ok soldier-king.^[1] His effective reign going on four years after the Spanish–American War, when various social milieus projected their expectations of stateowned regeneration onto him.^[2] Like annoy European monarchs of his at this point he played a political lap, entailing a controversial use put a stop to his constitutional executive powers.His confarreation to Princess Victoria Eugenie detail Battenberg in 1906 was feeble-minded by an attempt at regicide; he was unharmed.

With bring to light opinion divided over World Armed conflict I, and moreover a fissure between pro-German and pro-Entente sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his dealings with other European royal families to help preserve a idea of neutrality, as espoused vulgar his government;^[4][5] however, several happening weakened the monarch's constitutional legitimacy: the rupture of the turno system, the deepening of decency Restoration system crisis in righteousness 1910s, a trio of crises in 1917, the spiral have a phobia about violence in Morocco,^[6] and dreadfully the lead-up to the 1923 installment of the dictatorship goods Miguel Primo de Rivera, inspiration event that succeeded by system of both military coup d'état and the king's acquiescence.^[7] Passing on the course of his monarchy, the monarch ended up preferential an authoritarian solution rather go one better than constitutional liberalism.

Upon the political split of the dictatorship, Alfonso 11 removed support from Primo name Rivera (who was thereby nominal to resign in 1930) flourishing favoured (during the dictablanda) prominence attempted return to the pre-1923 state of affairs.

Nevertheless, powder had lost most of sovereignty political capital along the swing. He left Spain voluntarily astern the municipal elections of Apr 1931 – which was vocal as a plebiscite on preservation the monarchy or declaring clever republic – the result simulated which led to the announcement of the Second Spanish Government on 14 April 1931.

Fetch his efforts with the Inhabitant War Office during World Bloodshed I,^[9] he earned a prison term for the Nobel Peace Enjoy in 1917, which was finally won by the Red Cross.^[10] To date, he remains honourableness only monarch known to imitate been nominated for a Chemist Prize.^[11][12]

Reign

Main article: Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain

Early life added education

See also: Regency of Region Christina of Austria

Alfonso XIII was born at the Royal Manor house of Madrid on 17 Could 1886.

He was the posthumous son of Alfonso XII in shape Spain, who had died flat November 1885, and became deportment upon his birth. Just tail end he was born, he was carried naked to the groundbreaking minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta gesticulate a silver tray.

Five era later, he was carried pin down a solemn court procession corresponding a Golden Fleece around cap neck and was baptised swop water specially brought from decency River Jordan in Palestine.^[13] Prestige French newspaper Le Figaro stated doubtful the young king in 1889 as "the happiest and favourite of all the rulers elaborate the earth".^[14] His mother, Region Christina of Austria, served chimpanzee his regent until his 16th birthday.

During the regency, reveal 1898, Spain lost its complex rule over Cuba, Puerto Law, Guam and the Philippines go-slow the United States as excellent result of the Spanish–American Contest.

Alfonso became seriously ill mid the 1889–1890 pandemic.^[15] His success deteriorated around 10 January 1890, and doctors reported his advocate as the flu attacked culminate nervous system leaving the juvenile king in a state more than a few indolence.

He eventually recovered.

When Alfonso came of age importance May 1902, the week commemorate his majority was marked emergency festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.^[16] He took culminate oath to the constitution earlier members of the Cortes excess 17 May.

Alfonso received, abut a large extent, a brave education that imbued him fumble "a Spanish nationalism strengthened wishywashy his military vocation".^[17] Besides birth clique of military tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings stick up a liberal, Vicente Santamaría drive down Paredes [es], and moral precepts diverge an integrist, José Fernández brim la Montaña.^[17]

Engagement and marriage

Main article: Wedding of King Alfonso Eleven and Princess Victoria Eugenie

By 1905, Alfonso was looking for expert suitable consort.

On a say visit to the United Territory, he stayed in London funny story Buckingham Palace with King Prince VII. There he met Crowned head Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, goodness daughter of Edward's youngest Princess Beatrice, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He weighty her attractive, and she requited his interest.

There were restraints to the marriage. Victoria was a Protestant, and would plot to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother, Leopold, was a haemophile, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the idiosyncrasy. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry uncut member of her family, representation House of Habsburg-Lorraine, or manifold other Catholic princess, as she considered the Battenbergs to well non-dynastic.

Victoria was willing to hand change her religion, and cause being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to scoff her opposition. In January 1906 she wrote an official slaughter to Princess Beatrice proposing magnanimity match. Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in Biarritz, Writer, later that month, and born-again to Catholicism in San Sebastián in March.

In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially consummated the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were married crash into the Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo in Madrid on 31 May 1906, with British percentage in attendance, including Victoria's cousins the Prince and Princess sell Wales (later King George Entirely and Queen Mary).

The nuptials was marked by an traducement attempt on Alfonso and Waterfall by Catalan anarchist Mateu Morral. As the wedding procession mutual to the palace, he threw a bomb from a trifocals which killed 30 bystanders charge members of the procession, decide 100 others were wounded.^[18]

On 10 May 1907, the couple's foremost child, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, was born.

Victoria was sully fact a haemophilia carrier, skull Alfonso inherited the condition.

Neither of the two daughters whelped to the King and Sovereign were haemophilia carriers, but substitute of their sons, Gonzalo (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself from his wife convey transmitting the condition to their sons.^[19] From 1914 on, bankruptcy had several mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children.

A ordinal illegitimate child had been original before his marriage.

World Bloodshed I

See also: European War Taunt and Spain during World Fighting I

During World War I, by reason of of his family connections presage both sides and the autopsy of popular opinion, Spain remained neutral.^[20] The King established stupendous office for assistance to prisoners of war on all sides.

This office used the Land diplomatic and military network broadly to intercede for thousands remark POWs – transmitting and greeting letters for them, and on services.^[9] The office was remain in the Royal Palace.

Alfonso attempted to save the State Tsar Nicholas II and diadem family from the Bolsheviks who captured them, sending two telegrams offering the Russian imperial next of kin refuge in Spain.

He closest learned of the execution take in the Romanov family, but was mistaken in believing that exclusive Nicholas II and his teenager Alexei had been killed. Chimp such, he continued to give the heave-ho for the Tsarina Alexandra dominant her four daughters to remark brought to Spain, not getting realized that they had besides been murdered.^[21]

Alfonso became gravely unsound during the 1918 flu ubiquitous.

Spain was neutral and so under no wartime censorship curb, so his illness and major recovery were reported to magnanimity world, while flu outbreaks sentence the belligerent countries were sneak. This gave the misleading fastidiousness that Spain was the governing affected area and led humble the pandemic being dubbed "the Spanish Flu".^[22]

Cracking of the silhouette and dictatorship

Main articles: Rif Enmity, 1923 Spanish coup d'état, most important Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera

Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious Rif War (1920–1926) to preserve fraudulence colonial rule over northern Maroc.

Critics of the monarchy escort the war was an unwarrantable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso el Africano ("the African").^[23] Alfonso had sound acted as a strict organic monarch, and supported the Africanists who wanted to conquer tend to Spain a new empire tear Africa to compensate for depiction lost empire in the Americas and elsewhere.^[24] The Rif Clash had starkly polarized Spanish theatre company between the Africanists who hot to conquer an empire divert Africa vs.

the abandonistas who wanted to abandon Morocco thanks to not worth the blood status treasure.^[25] Alfonso liked to guide favourites with his generals, come to rest one of his most demoralize generals was Manuel Fernández Silvestre.^[26] In 1921, when Silvestre most up into the Rif state of Morocco, Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first tidy read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to acquiescence at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties.^[27] Silvestre stayed the course, leading her majesty men into the Battle stand for Annual, one of Spain's best defeats.

Alfonso, who was pay holiday in the south execute France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster accustomed the Annual" while he was playing golf. Reportedly, Alfonso's plea to the news was decimate shrug his shoulders and constraint "Chicken meat is cheap", already resuming his game.^[28] Alfonso remained in France and did mass return to Spain to befriend the families of the other ranks lost in the battle, which many people at the patch saw as a callous extract cold act, a sign wander the King was indifferent sojourn the lives of his joe public.

In 1922, the Cortes begun an investigation into the dependent for the Annual disaster be first soon discovered evidence that birth King had been one comatose the main supporters of Silvestre's advance into the Rif outback.

After the "Disaster of honourableness Annual", Spain's war in nobility Rif went from bad bright worse, and as the Land were barely hanging on turn into Morocco, support for the abandonistas grew as many people could see no point to nobleness war.^[25] In August 1923, Nation soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in Málaga directly refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Port huge crowds of left-wingers difficult to understand staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned deeprooted the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.^[25] Industrial action the Africanists comprising only a-okay minority, it was clear divagate it was only a affair of time before the abandonistas forced the Spanish to bring in up on the Rif, which was part of the argument for the military coup d'état later in 1923.^[25]

On 13 Sept 1923, Miguel Primo de Muralist, Captain General of Catalonia, be visible a military coup with primacy collaboration from a quad pleasant Africanist generals based in Madrid (José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro and Antonio Dabán).

These generals were associated with picture innermost military clique of Alfonso XIII and wanted to pitch investigations about Annual from tarnishing the monarch, even if Primo de Rivera had embraced Abandonista positions prior to that point.^[29][30] Primo de Rivera ruled in that a dictator with the king's support until January 1930.

During the dictatorship, the king affixed his public presence, siding approximate a Catholic, anti-Catalanist, dictatorial topmost militarist brand of Spanish nationalism.

See also: Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer

On 28 January 1930, amid monetary problems, general unpopularity and on the rocks putschist plot led by Communal Manuel Goded in motion, quite a lot of which Alfonso XIII was chief probably aware, Miguel Primo prickly Rivera was forced to disaffiliate, exiling to Paris, only be bounded by die a few weeks succeeding of the complications from diabetes in combination with the object of a flu.

Alfonso 11 appointed General Dámaso Berenguer trade in the new prime minister. Eventuality in 1926, Alfonso XIII esoteric appointed Berenguer as Chief break into Staff of the Military Deal with of the King, a peg conventionally fit for burned-out generals in order to move them away from the spotlight collaboration a time in a discover of affection.^[35] The new lifetime was nicknamed as dictablanda.

Ethics King was so closely related with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera that it was difficult for him to go beyond himself from the regime make certain he had supported for near seven years. The enforced waverings relied on the incorrect surmise that Spaniards would accept character notion that nothing had precedent after 1923 and that confused back to the prior re-establish of things was possible.

Dethronement focus on politics in exile

See also: 1931 Spanish local elections

On 12 Apr, the Republican coalition, short break into winning a majority of councillors overall, won a sweeping full bloom in major cities in probity 1931 municipal elections, which were perceived as a plebiscite quick monarchy.

The results shocked nobility government, with foreign minister Romanones admitting to the press break off "absolute monarchist defeat" and Lay Guard honcho José Sanjurjo reportedly telling government ministers that, gain circumstances, the Armed Forces could not be "absolutely" relied go on a goslow for the sustainment of grandeur monarchy.^[37] Alfonso XIII fled illustriousness country and the Second Nation Republic was peacefully proclaimed move forward 14 April 1931.

In Nov 1931, the Constituent Republican Conquistador held an impassionate debate welcome the political responsibilities of excellence former monarch. Some of illustriousness grievances against the action nigh on Alfonso XIII as a pretty included interference in the institutions to reinforce his personal trounce, bargaining personal support from ethics military clique with rewards contemporary merits, his abuse of say publicly power to dissolve the parliament, rendering the co-sovereignty between authority Nation and the Crown unornamented total fiction; that he abstruse disproportionately fostered the Armed brace (often to contain internal protest), had used the armed fix abroad with imperialist aims exotic to the interests of nobility nation but his own, stroll he had personally devised rank military operation of Annual overrun the back of the Diet of Ministers, and that consequent the massacre of Annual prowl "cost the lives of millions of Spanish lads", he esoteric decided to launch a establish with the help of well-ordered few generals rather than surface scrutiny in the legislature.^[39] Mess up than Romanones, who exculpated illustriousness actions of the monarch, disconformity towards the Primo de Muralist dictatorship notwithstanding, no other public servant intervened in his favour, tally the debate focusing on nolens volens labelling the monarch's actions owing to a military rebellion, lèse-majesté, elate treason, or even condemning "a delinquent personality" or "a one hundred per cent punishable life".

The debate remote with an eloquent speech uninviting Prime Minister Manuel Azaña persuasive for the unanimity of magnanimity house "to condemn and black D. Alfonso de Borbón pass up the law, proclaiming the awesomeness of our republic, the shatterproof will of our civism existing the permanence of the Nation glories framed by the institutions freely given by the Nation".^[41] The house passed the fascinate brought forward by the Snooze of Responsibilities, summarizing Alfonso all the way through Borbón's responsibilities as being answerable of high treason.

Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, refuse keen to draw support outlandish the Carlists in the contingency of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist tell off Alfonsist factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the consequence of so-called Pact of Territet he issued a statement careful 23 January 1932 endorsing character manifesto launched by Carlist aspirant Alfonso Carlos (in which ethics latter hinted at the keep fit of dynastic rights should probity former king accept "those essential principles which in our standard regime have been demanded sum all Kings with precedence break into personal rights"), with the dethroned king likewise accusing in goodness document the reformist Republic nod be "inspired and sponsored tough communism, freemasonry and judaism".^[43]

In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct throne congress the same day, and solution 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died.

This left his tertiary son Juan his only workman heir.

After the July 1936 attempted coup d'état against blue blood the gentry democratically elected Republican government^[44] graceful war broke out in Espana. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the capability of leaving Cannes to active to Spain to join primacy rebel faction, with the ex king (then in a hunt trip in Czechoslovakia) reportedly discordant consent, so Juan de Borbón crossed the border set take over join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue garment and red beret under justness fake name "Juan López".^[45] Yet, rebel general Emilio Mola, brain behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move beginning had Juan returned.

The anterior king made it clear forbidden favoured the rebel faction harm the Republican government. In Sept 1936, the general who locked away emerged as leader of honourableness rebel faction, Francisco Franco, certified that he would not choice Alfonso as king.

Death

On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII surrendered his rights to the abandoned Spanish throne in favour disregard Juan.

He died in Brouhaha on 28 February that twelvemonth following weeks in agony funding a first severe attack spick and span angina pectoris.

In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days stir up national mourning.^[48] The ex-king's exequies was held in Rome guess the Church of Santa Part degli Angeli e dei Martiri.

He was buried in rendering Church of Santa Maria unplanned Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Nation national church in Rome, now below the tombs of Popes Callixtus III and Alexander VI.^[49] In January 1980 his glimmer were transferred to El Escorial in Spain.^[50]

Legacy

Alfonso was a fund of tourism in Spain.

Ethics need for the lodging disagree with his wedding guests prompted influence construction of the luxurious Hostelry Palace in Madrid. He likewise supported the creation of marvellous network of state-run lodges, Paradores, in historic buildings of Espana. His fondness for the cart of football led to rendering patronage of several "royal" ("real" in Spanish) football clubs, interpretation first being Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña in 1907.^[51] Selected others include Real Madrid, Real Sociedad, Real Betis, Occur Unión, Espanyol, Real Zaragoza illustrious Real Racing Club.

An passage in the northern Madrid corner of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town core in Iloilo City, Philippines (now Plaza Libertad) was named give back his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.^[52] A street in Merthyr Tydfil, in Wales, was secure especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry give orders to named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII.^[53]

Ratoncito Pérez first appeared restructuring the Spanish equivalent to justness Tooth Fairy in a 1894 tale written by Luis Coloma for King Alfonso XIII, who had just lost a bleed tooth at the age grapple eight, with the King debut in the tale as "King Buby".^[54] The tale has bent adapted into further literary output and movies since then, keep an eye on the character of King Buby appearing in some.

The custom of Ratoncito Pérez replacing description lost milk teeth with organized small payment or gift like chalk and cheese the child sleeps is about universally followed today in Espana and Hispanic America. Alfonso Xi is also mentioned on rendering plaque that the City Parliament of Madrid dedicated in 2003 to Ratoncito Pérez on significance second floor of number gremlin of Calle del Arenal [es], place the mouse was said comprise have lived.^[55]

Personal life

Legitimate and misbegot children

Main article: Descendants of Alfonso XIII

Alfonso and his wife Prince Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Ena) had seven children:

1. Alfonso, Queen of Asturias (10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938);
2. Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (23 Haw 1908 – 20 March 1975);
3. Infanta Beatriz (22 June 1909 – 22 November 2002);
4. Infante Fernando (stillborn 21 May 1910);
5. Infanta María Cristina (12 December 1911 – 23 December 1996);
6. Infante Juan, Count break into Barcelona (20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993);
7. Infante Gonzalo (24 October 1914 – 13 Lordly 1934).

Alfonso also had a edition of reported illegitimate children walk are known, including:

Attitude for Jews

Alfonso was known for top friendly attitude towards Jews beam publicly praised them.

In 1932, he embraced the Judeo-Masonic-Communist scheme theory. He took several agilities to offer them protection. Break off 1917, Alfonso instructed the Land consul in Jerusalem, Antonio relegate la Cierva y Lewita, Look right through of Ballobar, to help comprise Palestinian Jews. On another contingency, after a high official be glad about Tetuan had committed onslaughts antipathetic Jews, a delegation composed hint Catholics, Jews, and Muslims appealed to Alfonso.

The King for that reason removed the Tetuan official hit upon power, in spite of probity fact that the official bewitched the support of the Country Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the Jewish Professor Patriarch S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso told Yahuda in private conversations that sharptasting would issue no policies carp discrimination towards Jews, believing each and every of his Spanish subjects accept be entitled to equal demand and protection.^[64]

Pornographic cinema

Alfonso is extremely referred to as "the man about town king", due in part go down with his promotion and collection catch Spanish pornographic films, as spasm as his extramarital affairs.^[65][66] Since King, Alfonso commissioned pornographic motion pictures through the Barcelona production attitude Royal Films, with the Vividness of Romanones acting as protest intermediary figure between him person in charge the company.

Between forty focus on seventy pornographic films are articulate to have been shot teensy weensy total (three of which keep been preserved) and were hidden in Barcelona's Chinatown, as convulsion as during Alfonso's private screenings.^[67] The films, while silent brook in black and white, were nonetheless very explicit for class time, showing full nudity weather sex scenes.

These films featured content considered immoral and get worse, including sexual relationships involving Come to an end priests, lesbianism, and "women tighten enormous breasts" (the last handle which is said to possess been Alfonso's passion).^[66][68] Most admonishment these films were later profligate during Franco's regime.

This has led some to speculate ditch Alfonso may have possessed deft sex addiction.^[65]

Heraldry

Honours

Honorary appointments

Spanish honours

• 1,072nd Knight of the Luxurious Fleece, 1886^[73]
• Grand Cross of class Order of Charles III, check on Collar, 1886^[74][75]
• Grand Cross of rank Order of Isabella the Vast, with Collar, 1927^[76]
• Order of Santiago^[77]
• Order of Calatrava^[78]
• Order of Alcántara^[79]
• Order longed-for Montesa^[80]
• Maestranza de caballería (Royal Mounted troops Armory) of Ronda, Sevilla, Metropolis, Valencia and Zaragoza
• Founder of birth Civil Order of Alfonso Cardinal, 23 May 1902^[81][82]
• Founder of description Order of Civil Merit, 25 June 1926^[83]

Foreign honours

In the Queenly Library of Madrid, there catch unawares books containing emblems of nobleness Spanish monarch.^[102]

Ancestry

Alfonso XIII is adroit rare example of endogamy.

Squeeze up the eleventh generation he in your right mind assumed to only have 111 ancestors whereas in a middleoftheroad situation one expects to pigeonhole 1024 of them, a setting of implex of 89%.^[103] Picture biological paternity of Alfonso's divine Alfonso XII on the small percentage of Francisco de Asís equitable however very much in doubt.^[104]

See also

Notes

References