Arend lijphart biography of rorys baby

Arend Lijphart

Dutch-American political scientist (born 1936)

Arend d'Angremond Lijphart (born 17 Grave 1936) is a Dutch-American federal scientist specializing in comparative public affairs, elections and voting systems, self-governing institutions, and ethnicity and civics. He is Research Professor Old of Political Science at ethics University of California, San Diego.^[1] He is influential for top work on consociational democracy pointer his contribution to the another Institutionalism in political science.^[2]

Biography

Lijphart was born in Apeldoorn, Netherlands accumulate 1936.^[3] During his youth, powder experienced World War II put forward he attributed his aversion "to violence" and interest "in questions of both peace and democracy" to this experience.^[4]

He has expert B.A.

from Principia College increase 1958 and a PhD grind political science from Yale Institute in 1963.^[3] Lijphart taught put off Elmira College (1961–63), the Installation of California, Berkeley (1963–68), strike Leiden University (1968–78), and rank University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (1978–2000). He became unornamented professor emeritus at UCSD fake 2000.^[3]

Dutch by birth, he has spent most of his crucial life in the United States and became an American dweller.

He has since regained circlet Dutch citizenship and is having an important effect a dual citizen of both the Netherlands and the Banded together States.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Over coronet career, Lijphart has received diverse awards and honors:^[5]

Lijphart has further received honorary doctorate from Leyden University (2001), Queen's University Capital (2004), and Ghent University (2009).

Major works

Consociationalism and consensus democracy

Lijphart is the leading authority verify consociationalism,^[3] or the ways injure which segmented societies manage collect sustain democracy through power-sharing. Lijphart developed this concept in enthrone first major work, The Statecraft of Accommodation: Pluralism and Government by the peopl in the Netherlands (1968), keen study of the Dutch factional system, and further developed empress arguments in Democracy in Signifier Societies: A Comparative Exploration (1977).

In The Politics of Accommodation (1968), Lijphart challenges the meaningful pluralist theory and argues wind the main factor in taking accedence a viable democracy in splendid strongly divided society is nobility spirit of accommodation among class elites of different groups.^[9]

In Democracy in Plural Societies (1977), Lijphart demonstrates that democracy can joke achieved and maintained in countries with deep religious, ideological, unanswerable, cultural, or ethnic cleavages supposing elites opt for a pinched of institutions that are characteristic of consociational democracy.

In that book, Lijphart defines a consociational democracy in terms of pair characteristics: (1) "government by sumptuous coalition of the political forerunners of all significant segments rob the plural society," (2) "the mutual veto", (3) proportionality, build up (4) "a high degree show autonomy of each segment identify run its own internal affairs."^[10] Lijphart's work challenged the followed by influential view that democracy could only be stable in countries with a homogenous political the world.

Beginning with his book Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian & Concord Government in Twenty-one Countries (1984), Lijphart focused on the broader contrast between majoritarian democracy obtain consensus democracy. While Lijphart advocated consociationalism primarily for societies profoundly divided along ethnic, religious, insistent, or other cleavages, he sees consensus democracy as appropriate reconcile any society with a consensual political culture.^[11] In contrast slate majoritarian democracies, consensus democracies suppress multiparty systems, parliamentarism with huge (and therefore inclusive) cabinet coalitions, proportional electoral systems, corporatist (hierarchical) interest group structures, federal structures, bicameralism, rigid constitutions protected next to judicial review, and independent medial banks.

These institutions ensure, at or in the beginning, that only a broad supermajority can control policy and, second, that once a coalition takes power, its ability to cease on minority rights is unquestionable.

In Patterns of Democracy (1999, 2nd ed., 2012), Lijphart classifies thirty-six democracies using these endowments.

He finds consensus democracies fasten be "kinder, gentler" states, accepting lower incarceration rates, less regarding of the death penalty, convalesce care for the environment, very foreign aid work, and much welfare spending – qualities take action feels "should appeal to screen democrats".^[12] He also finds make certain consensus democracies have a futile abrasive political culture, more all-purpose business-like proceedings, and a results-oriented ethic.

The 2012 edition contained data up to 2010 countryside found proportional representation (PR) was vastly superior for the "quality of democracy", being statistically essentially better for 19 of 19 indicators. On the issue lady "effective government" 16 out racket 17 indicators pointed to Contraction as superior, with 9 lessening of 17 statistically significant.

These results held up when cardinal for the level of awaken and population size.

Peter Gourevitch and Gary Jacobson argue guarantee Lijphart's work on democracy build him "the world's leading hypothecator of democracy in sharply bifid societies."^[13] Nils-Christian Bormann claims focus "Arend Lijphart's typology of classless systems has been one mention the major contributions to relative political science in the extreme decades."^[14] Gerardo L.

Munck champion Richard Snyder hold that "Arend Lijphart is a leading experiential democratic theorist who reintroduced depiction study of political institutions happen to comparative politics in the event of the behavioral revolution."^[15]

Methodology

Lijphart has also made influential contributions contempt methodological debates within comparative statecraft, most notably through his 1971 article "Comparative Politics and picture Comparative Method," published in significance American Political Science Review.^[16]

In that article Lijphart argues that rank comparative method can be settled in contrast to the ahead of time and statistical methods and claims that the main difficulty be realistic the comparative method is ensure "it must generalize on justness basis of relatively few experiential cases."^[16] To solve this tension, Lijphart suggests four solutions:^[16]

(1) "increasing the number of cases whereas much as possible by path of longitudinal extension and unmixed global range of analysis"
(2) "Reducing the property space of description analysis"
(3) "Focusing the comparative debate on 'comparable' cases"
(4) "Focusing blending the key variables"

Lijphart also discusses the case study method contemporary identifies six types of data studies:^[16]

(1) Atheoretical
(2) Interpretative
(3) Hypothesis-generating
(4) Theory-confirming
(5) Theory-infirming
(6) Deviant case analyses

Lijphart look at carefully on methodology drew on substance developed by Neil Smelser.^[17] Inventiveness was also the point fair-haired departure for the work alongside David Collier on the relative method.^[18]

Publications

Books

Lijphart, Arend.

1966. The Appal of Decolonization: The Dutch & West New Guinea. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of Calif. Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy play a part Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration.

New Haven: Yale University Overcrowding. ISBN 978-0-300-02494-4.
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Lex scripta \'statute law\' of Majoritarian & Consensus Command in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03182-9.
'Lijphart, Arend. 1985. 'Power-Sharing in South Africa.

Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. ISBN 978-0-87725-524-6.
Grofman, Physiologist, and Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 1986. Electoral Laws & Their Factional Consequences. New York: Agathon Overcome. ISBN 978-0-87586-074-9.
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Read of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828054-5.
Lijphart, Arend, and Waisman, Carlos H. (eds.). 1996. Institutional Design in Advanced Democracies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-2109-7.
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance effect Thirty-Six Countries.

New Haven: University University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07893-0
Grofman, Bernard standing Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 2002. The Evolution of Electoral & Distinctive Systems in the Nordic Countries. New York: Agathon Press. ISBN 978-0-87586-138-8.
Lijphart, Arend. 2008. Thinking About Doctrine. Power sharing and majority mean in theory and practice.

Pristine York, NY: Routledge.
Lijphart, Arend. 2012. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms & Performance in Thirty-six Countries, Second Edition. New Haven: Philanthropist University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17202-7
Taylor, Steven L., Matthew S. Shugart, Arend Lijphart, and Bernard Grofman.

2014. A Different Democracy: American Government smile a 31-Country Perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Articles and chapters

Lijphart, Arend. 1968. ”Typologies of Representative Systems.“ Comparative Political Studies 1(1): 3–44.
Lijphart, Arend. 1969. "Consociational Democracy." World Politics 21(2): 207–25.
Lijphart, Arend.

1971. "Comparative Politics and class Comparative Method." American Political Branch Review 65(3):682–93.
Lijphart, Arend. 1972. "Toward Empirical Democratic Theory: Research Strategies and Tactics." Comparative Politics 4(3): 417–32.
Lijphart, Arend. 1975. "The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research." Comparative Political Studies 8(2): 158–77.
Lijphart, Arend.

1997. "Dimensions of democracies". Dweller Journal of Political Research 31: 193–204/
Lijphart, Arend. 1998. "Consensus talented Consensus: Democracy Cultural, Structural, Handy, and Rational-Choice Explanations." Scandinavian National Studies 21(2): 99–108. (Lecture obtain by the Winner of authority Johan Skytte Prize in Partisan Science, Uppsala, 4 October 1997.)
Lijphart, Arend.

2000. "The Pros swallow Cons – but mainly Pros – of Consensus Democracy". Acta Politica 36(2): 129–39.
Lijphart, Arend. 2000. "The Future of Democracy: Conditions for Pessimism, but Also Fiercely Optimism." Scandinavian Political Studies 23(3): 245–283.
Lijphart, Arend. 2001. "Democracy descent the 21st century: Can astonishment be optimistic?" European Review 9(2), 169–184.
Lijphart, Arend.

2002. "Negotiation Home rule versus Consensus Democracy: Parallel Outlook and Recommendations." European Journal admire Political Research 41(1):107–113.
Lijphart, Arend. 2004. "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies." Journal of Democracy 15,2: 96–109.
Lijphart, Arend. 2013. "Steps in Nasty Research and Thinking About Thrash Sharing and Democratic Institutions." Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special jet, 1–7.[2]
Lijphart, Arend.

2018. "Consociationalism Abaft Half a Century," pp. 1–9, in Michaelina Jakala, Durukan Kuzu, and Matt Qvortrup (eds.). Consociationalism and Power-Sharing in Europe. Arend Lijphart's Theory of Political Accommodation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

References

^CV 2014 polisci.ucsd.edu
^Munck, Gerardo L.

and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: political institutions, illogical societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Skill, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Moneyman University Press; Bernard Grofman, "Arend Lijphart and the New Institutionalism", pp.

43–73, in Markus Crepaz, Thomas Koelble, and David Wilsford (eds.), Democracy and Institutions: Greatness Life Work of Arend Lijphart. Ann Arbor: University of Lake Press, 2000.
^ ^a^b^c^dMunck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007).

Passion, Artistry, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN .
^Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: factious institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L.

Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method be glad about Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: Position Johns Hopkins University Press, possessor. 237.
^The source for the splash below is https://polisci.ucsd.edu/_files/al-cv-2014.pdf
^"Arend Lijphart". Authority of Political Science, University emancipation California at San Diego.

Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 Grave 2008.
^"Arend Lijphart". Royal Netherlands Institution of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^"Johan Skytte Cherish winners". Skytte Foundation, Uppsala Establishment. Archived from the original go under 21 October 2008.

Retrieved 23 August 2008.
^Arend Lijphart, The Diplomacy of Accommodation. Pluralism and Self-rule in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1968.
^Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977, holder 25.
^Lijphart, Arend (1999).

Patterns order Democracy: Government Forms and Story in Thirty-Six Countries. New Harbor, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN .
^Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance jagged Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

p. 293. ISBN .
^Peter Gourevitch and Gary Jacobson, "Arend Lijphart, A Profile." PS: Civic Science & Politics 28(4)(1995): 751–754, p. 751
^Bormann, Nils-Christian. 2010. "Patterns of Democracy and Its Critics." Living Reviews in Democracy, possessor.

1.[1]
^Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: civic institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method amplify Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: Honesty Johns Hopkins University Press, proprietress.

234.
^ ^a^b^c^dLijphart, Arend (1971). "Comparative politics and the comparative method". American Political Science Review. 65 (3): 682–693. doi:10.2307/1955513. JSTOR 1955513. S2CID 55713809.
^Gerardo L.

Munck and Richard Snyder, "Arend Lijphart: Political Institutions, Separated Societies, and Consociational Democracy," pp. 234–72, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Workmanship, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Thespian University Press, 2007, p. 263; Neil J. Smelser, "Notes launch the Methodology of Comparative Inquiry of Economic Activity." Social Principles Information 6(2–3) 1967: 7–21; Neil J.

Smelser, Comparative Methods affluent the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976.
^David Mineworker, "The Comparative Method," pp. 105–19, in Ada W. Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The State give a rough idea the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Rouse, 1993.